The sintered diamond wheel

Sintered synthetic diamond wheel
Sintered metal-bonded grinding wheels mostly bronze and other metals as a binder, with the manufacture of high-temperature sintering method, which combines high

strength, good formability, high temperature, thermal conductivity, good wear resistance, long life, can withstand greater loads. Due to the sintering process

inevitably exist Wheel

The shrinkage and deformation, so use a facelift before the grinding wheel , but wheel dressing difficult. Current production methods commonly used plastic roller wheel

right when dressing not only time consuming, but the process of finishing off the diamond particles are more wheel dressing itself consumes large,

Shaping lower accuracy.
In recent years, scholars from various countries have launched a special processing method applied metal bond diamond wheel dresser research work, mainly electrolytic

dressing, spark trimming method composite dressing method. Electrolytic dressing method is fast, but shaping accuracy is not high; spark the whole dressing France

Shape, high precision, can be either plastic dressing, but the plastic slowly; composite dressing method has spark composite electrolytic dressing, mechanical chemical

compound trimming method, dressing better, but the system is more complex, so sintered diamond Dresser problem is still not too

To a good solution.

Diamond grinding applications

Use
As with the characteristics of diamond abrasive (high hardness, high compressive strength, good wear resistance), the Synthetic diamond abrasive in grinding become hard and

brittle materials and carbide grinding ideal tool not only high efficiency, precision high, and the roughness of the good, less abrasive consumption

Long life, but can also improve working conditions. It is widely used for general abrasive difficult to process low iron content of the metal and non-metallic brittle

materials, such as cemented carbide, alumina ceramic, optical glass, agate gemstone, semiconductor materials, stone and so on.
Diamond grinding wheel for glass, ceramics, ferrite, hard and brittle semiconductor materials such as grinding materials and metal materials processing, carbide

materials, shape processing, electrolytic grinding, and grinding center drill with diamond grinding, etc. Heavy-duty cutting, with

There grinding abrasion resistance, high efficiency, long life characteristics.

Diamond wheel category

Classification
Diamond grinding wheel by binding agents can be divided into: resin bond diamond wheel; vitrified diamond grinding wheel; metal bond diamond wheel (bronze bond diamond

wheel)
Diamond abrasive wheels according to the production process can be divided into: sintered diamond wheel (resin bond diamond wheel; vitrified diamond grinding wheel;

metal bond diamond wheel); electroplated diamond grinding wheel; brazed diamond wheel.
Diamond grinding wheel can be divided according to: diamond with diamond grinding wheel; grinding carbide with diamond wheel (diamond cutter grinding wheel); PDC with

diamond grinding wheel; coreless grinder with a diamond centerless grinding wheel; grinding ceramics with a diamond wheel

; Cutting diamond wheel (also known as diamond cutting discs); Synthetic diamond saw.
Diamond grinding wheel by the appearance or shape can be divided into: Parallel grinding wheel; cylindrical grinding wheel; cup wheels; Wheel Bowl; disc wheel;

grinding wheel; disc and so on.

The structure and properties of diamond grinding wheel

As raw material with diamond abrasive, respectively, with metal powder, resin powder, ceramics, and metal plating as a binding agent, made of a circular central

through hole called a synthetic diamond abrasive wheel.
Structure
Diamond abrasive wheels structure generally by the working layer, a substrate, the buffer layer composed of three parts.
Working layer called the diamond layer, the abrasives, binders and fillers, is part of the work wheel. Transition known as non diamond layer, the binding agent and

filler metal powder composed of the diamond layer is firmly connected to the substrate part.
Substrate for receiving the abrasive layer and the flange when in use is securely held in the grinding spindle. General metal bonded products use steel, alloy steel

powder as matrix; resin bond be aluminum, electric wood substrate. Made of aluminum, steel or bakelite processing,

Supporting work from the abrasive layer and the role of chucking. The quality of molded wheel and use the level of accuracy and the substrate are a great relationship.
Feature
Diamond diamond abrasive wheel features include the type, size, concentration, and geometry of binders.

Principle of synthetic diamond

From the thermodynamic point of view, the decision of graphite and other non-diamond structure carbonaceous material into a diamond can transition condition that the

latter must be less than the free energy of the former. This phase transition at high pressure, high temperature or other components under the conditions of

participation.

Certain amount of pressure, temperature and component concentration of the internal energy of the system can be changed, so that the energy level of the valence

electrons at statistical weight change accordingly. This may be electron transfer and formation of a new state of the electronic structure of bonding, a phase

transition occurs. As

If the system in favor of energy change occurs in the solid structure of the electron is changed, the high temperature phase transition occurs in the solid state, or

may occur in the molten state or vapor state. This change occurred in the melt condition that the bonding characteristics of the statistical distribution of the

valence electron right

Weight reduced accordingly, the role of the remote order tend to disappear coordination number is changed; the electronic excited state statistical weight tends to

increase, the role of short-range ordered increased accordingly. This change occurred in the gas condition is sometimes elemental atom bonded compound

Intermolecular electron energy levels tend to disappear, all electronic transfers to a single atomic or molecular level up, so that electrons in the excited state is

more statistical weight increases. Accordingly, synthetic diamond can be solid, but also may be in the melt state and the vapor state conditions, depending

The pressure, temperature and component concentration and other factors can cause changes in the system. From the kinetic point of view, but also requires a

carbonaceous material such as graphite into diamond with an appropriate transition rate. The synthetic diamond powder nucleation rate and the growth rate is maximum when both

Phase-change rate Max.

Cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel selection

Cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding the cubic boron nitride particles stick to the surface of only a thin layer of ordinary wheel, the abrasive toughness, hardness,

durability corundum wheel is 100 times, the most suitable for processing high hardness, viscosity Large, high-temperature strength, low thermal conductivity is

difficult to grind

Steel and high speed or ultra high speed grinding. Its scope of application and artificial polycrystalline diamond plays a complementary role to each other. Diamond grinding wheel in

grinding carbide and non-metallic materials, has a unique effect, but in the grinding steel material, especially when grinding special steels, the effect is not

significant

Forward. CBN grinding wheel steel wheel efficiency is higher than corundum class in recent times, five times higher than the diamond grinding wheel, but less than the

diamond grinding of brittle materials.
CBN and diamond grinding wheel selection is similar to the selection. However, the binding agent used, the majority of the resin binder, followed by electroplating, a

metal binding agent. Vitrified CBN grinding wheel is mainly used for titanium alloys, high-speed steel, malleable iron and other difficult to machine

Grinding of ferrous metals, resin bond CBN wheels for grinding ferromagnetic material, is the ideal choice for machining steel. CBN grinding wheel concentration is

generally between 100% ~ 150% between using more economical and

Diamond grinding wheel selection

Diamond grinding wheel than with boron carbide, silicon carbide, corundum and other general abrasive grinding wheels made of sharp edge angle, wear, long life, high

productivity, good processing quality, but the price is expensive, making it suitable for grinding carbide, ceramics , plus hard brittle semiconductor high hardness

Engineering Materials.
The features include abrasive diamond wheel type, size, hardness, density, binders, wheel shape and size.
Abrasive: extensive use of synthetic diamond (JR), based on its crystal form and particle strength, of various types, according to their specific purposes selected

models.
Granularity: To workpiece roughness of diamond grinding productivity and consumption of three aspects to consider.
Hardness: Only the resin bond diamond wheels have the "hardness" of this feature. Generally use S (Y1) or higher.
Binders: there are four commonly used binding agent, the binding capacity and wear resistance with a resin, ceramic, bronze, plated metal is sequence, in order

crescendo. Resin bonded diamond grinding wheel, high efficiency, the workpiece roughness, and apply a wide range of good self-sharpening, no

Easy to plug, heat a small, easy to repair, mainly used for grinding processes. Vitrified diamond grinding wheel is mainly used for a variety of non-metallic brittle

materials, carbide, hard materials, such as grinding.
Concentration: concentration selected according to size using the wheel, binding agents, shape, processing methods, the production efficiency and the requirements of

the wheel life. High concentration of diamond grinding wheel shape retention ability, low concentrations grinding wheel, the diamond tends to lower consumption

These should be selected as appropriate according to need.
Shape and size: according to the workpiece shape, size and choice of machining conditions.

CBN brief

Overview
Vitrified diamond grinding wheel with a good proportion of the vitrified bonded abrasive, the compacts, drying, roasting and dressing made with a lot of holes, with

the cutting of abrasive grit. Abrasive grains exposed on the surface portion of its corners as cutting edges. Divided into: ceramic grinding wheel (silicon carbide,

corundum, corundum, etc.) and ceramic superhard grinding wheel (vitrified diamond grinding wheels and vitrified CBN grinding wheel) two categories.
Advantages 1, grinding efficiency; 2, with high wear resistance (abrasion resistance wheel, abrasive consumption, particularly in the grinding of hard brittle

workpiece very obvious); 3, grinding force is small, low grinding temperature; 4, grinding of the workpiece, high precision, good surface quality of the workpiece to

maintain good shape. Therefore, vitrified diamond grinding wheel in diamonds, industrial ceramics, PDC, polycrystalline diamond, diamond tools, CBN, carbide high-

brittle materials and some special materials grinding, with more and more obvious advantages, the development of the diamond abrasive has a good prospect. Is

considered to be high-speed, high efficiency, high precision, low grinding cost, low environmental pollution, high-performance abrasive, with more and more widely

used, is the recent world competing tools for grinding hot research and development. Property mainly by the abrasive characteristics of the wheel, size, binders,

hardness, structure, and other factors determined shape and size. In superhard grinding wheel hardness and organizations are generally neglects to mention. Abrasive

grinding wheel is the main raw material manufacturing, cutting directly responsible work. . Diamond: common materials suitable for processing high wheel hard to

process hard brittle metal and nonmetal materials. Such as cemented carbide, optical glass, ceramics, stone, and other semiconductor materials. Particle size refers to

the size of the abrasive particles, the size of a particle numerals.
GB provides two kinds of abrasive powder particle size and number. Generally speaking, use coarse abrasive coarse (size number smaller), abrasive grinding to a smaller

(larger particle number); powder used for grinding and other precision machining and ultra-precision machining. Particle size range of ceramic diamond wheel generally

w1.5 ~ 80/100 The role of binding agent binding agent is bonded abrasive having a given strength and shape of the wheel. Wheel strength, impact resistance, heat

resistance and corrosion resistance, depending on the binding agent performance. The binding agents are used vitrified (V), the resin binding agent (B), the rubber

binding agent (R) and the metal binding agent (M) and so on. Vitrified bond: the most widely applicable to cylindrical, round, flat, centerless grinding and profile

grinding wheel, etc.; resin bond: for cutting and slotted sheet wheel and high-speed grinding wheel; rubber combined agent: guide wheel for centerless grinding,

polishing wheel; metal bond: for diamond grinding wheel. Shapes and sizes depending on the machine type and processing needs, the grinding wheel made from a variety of

standard shapes and sizes. Details can be found Abrasives Standard Development Status To address these issues, science and technology workers have been studied in many

ways, including low-temperature performance of vitrified ceramic adhesives that affect the quality and development of diamond wheel memory key factor. Therefore, the

study of high strength, low-temperature, low thermal expansion coefficient and excellent performance of low-temperature ceramic adhesive is home superhard materials

ceramic grinding research. Tanaka T, Esaki S, Nishida K, etc., by selectively to increase the wheel the number and size of pores, the hard material can be self-

sharpening wheel set times has been further improved. Jackson MJ, Barlow N, Mills B superhard materials ceramic grinding wheel by controlling the pore structure, so

that the production of grinding wheels with high bond strength, have a good time grinding grinding efficiency and cooling performance. By thermal mechanical analysis,

Raman spectroscopy and other means, Kuan-Hong Lin, Shih-Feng Peng, Shun-Tiab Lin on the sintering temperature, sintering atmosphere, sintering time on superhard

materials ceramic diamond grinding wheel firing shrinkage and burning of conduct studied, and studied the vitrified diamond grinding wheel sintering parameters and

characteristics. Russian scholars selected ceramic binder formulations superhard materials mainly chemical composition ratio, select borosilicate glass or boron lead

glass system as a theoretical study. Lead glass binder also conducted more in-depth study, but lead is a toxic substance, high temperatures break down easily. Back in

the 1990s, Japanese researchers studied vitrified diamond grinding wheel and efficient high-precision grinding, grinding wheel concentration, abrasive requirements

selection requirements. Of Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 as the principal component system borosilicate glass superhard material bonded grinding wheel grinding performance; ceramic

binder formulations mainly in chemical composition to the ratio, select lead borosilicate glass or boron glass system as the Theoretical study.
  The foreign study, vitrified Toughening began studies, such as binding agents for glass, ceramics processing phases, adding appropriate amount of a suitable binding

agent whiskers. They found that boric acid binding agent silicon whiskers, one can suppress the formation of cristobalite, cristobalite prevent the 100 ° C ~ 200 ° C

due to the rapid expansion of the volume leaving the grinding cracks; other aluminum borate whisker its effect can play a whisker reinforced, thereby enhancing the

tensile strength of the binder. Because vitrified bond diamond abrasive when combined with the difficulty coefficient is relatively large and other factors, vitrified

bond diamond wheel development and production has been hampered. Research vitrified diamond research in several ways [1], low temperature, high-strength, low thermal

expansion coefficient of vitrified research; [2] vitrified performance improvement research; [3] with diamond grit vitrified Wetting between research; [4] diamond

abrasive surface modification; [5] wheel structure to improve research; [6] wheel optimum process parameters studied; [7] the best way grinding process parameters and

grinding of research. Ceramic diamond grinding wheel widely used application on the wafer (semiconductor wafers and solar wafers), PDC, polycrystalline diamond,

diamond tools, cubic boron nitride , tungsten steel (alloy), new engineering structural ceramics, precious stones, crystal, rare earth materials (magnetic) contour

machining hard and brittle materials, and achieved good economic benefits. Vitrified diamond grinding wheel is mainly used for: PCD, CVD, PCBN, carbide, ceramic knives

and other cubic boron nitride milling cutters, drills, reamers and other cutting tools, grinding and grinding low damage quickly and efficiently.

CBN and PCBN cutting tools

CBN (cubic boron nitride) and PCBN (polycrystalline cubic boron nitride ) tool: In modern machining, the tool material is carbide and high speed steel with the most,

almost half and half. The invention and application of high-speed steel, has a century of history, carbide is already half a century. Next, let us look at the relevant

content of carbide cutting tools introduced. cbn (cubic boron nitride) tool cbn, diamond hardness came in after. second only to diamond cbn is an extremely hard tool

material, material hardness greater than 48hrc usually work best when (machining soft materials cbn wear out quickly). High temperature to 2000 ℃ when there is an

excellent red hardness. Although more brittle than cemented carbide and thermal and chemical stability and is less than the ceramic, but it has a higher than ceramic

cutting tools impact strength and crack resistance and low rigidity machine for cutting hard metal can. Furthermore, the proper custom cbn roughing tool can withstand

high-power cutting load, intermittent cutting blows and fine processing required heat and wear resistance. Appropriate for the specified customization processes

including machine and fixture rigidity, edge grinding large enough to prevent microscopic peeling, and the tool base body is a high content of grade cbn. cbn grade

high content of these specified processes are required, due to their high speed under heavy load conditions edge processing requirements, and high thermal resistance

and toughness for severe intermittent cutting. These properties make this material is used as a tool material grade roughing of hardened steel and pearlitic gray cast

iron. Drilling tools in an effort to meet the needs of production efficiency improvement, tool manufacturers are innovative various drilling tool design and

manufacturing strategies. In the automotive, medical equipment, aerospace, general engineering and other different manufacturing industries, manufacturers can choose a

variety of advanced drilling tools, including high drilling rate of solid carbide drills, indexable insert drills, can be Carbide tip drill bits for drilling, as well

as the increasing use of multi-purpose drill bits for drilling various holes, deep hole, and once completed drilling, chamfering, countersinking and other processed

without further secondary processing. Tool manufacturers take advantage of the tool geometry, substrate material and surface coating technical progress, has introduced

a new tool varieties, expansion of existing product lines and custom-designed special tools stereotyped as standard delivery products. cnc machine tools (especially

the processing center), Swiss-type turning centers as well as to optimize the performance of long-bit processing long bed lathes technological advances also make the

advantages of advanced drilling tool can be fully tapped. Modern machine tools and high rigidity under high pressure coolant delivery capability for a large number of

drilling is also crucial. In metal cutting, shortening the processing time is one of the main objectives pursued people for hole machining is no exception. In

addition, certain sectors of high precision holes, hole machining is applied also to the additional pressure. For example, medical and aerospace manufacturing hole

diameter jump for the accuracy and consistency of tool life demanding. Manufacturers also facing the workpiece machining of advanced materials (such as titanium,

inconel alloys, cobalt - chromium alloy, etc.) challenge. Due to its solid carbide drills have high rigidity and the other four are still playing performance design

features - carbide coating, drill geometry, blade width and back taper (usually to φ25mm), so it is a good selection process. The most effective design of a

multilayer coating structure pvd coating (top layer is bonded to prevent chips smoothing layer), it has excellent properties of resistance to chipping tough carbide

substrate combination, the drill bit can be more high feed rate for machining. Drill geometry needs according to each specific workpiece material (including difficult

materials) to design. Drill blade width of justice design can progress drill bit accuracy and drilling capabilities. Back taper size affects the machined hole and

drill the contact surface, it must be based on precise design of different materials, in order to avoid friction and shorten tool life.

Cubic boron nitride(CBN) Applications

CBN abrasive grinding performance is excellent, not only capable of performing grinding hard materials processing, improve productivity, and is conducive to strictly

control the shape and dimensional accuracy of the workpiece, but also effectively improve the quality of the grinding of the workpiece, significantly increased After

grinding the workpiece surface integrity, thus increasing the fatigue strength of parts, extended service life, increase reliability, coupled with cubic boron nitride

abrasive production process in terms of energy consumption and environmental pollution than conventional abrasives production as well, Therefore, the expansion of

cubic boron nitride0) abrasive production and application of a mechanical application of the machinery industry development trend.
1. Tungsten, molybdenum, tungsten and other high-speed steel, especially vanadium steel, cobalt alloy, special high-speed steel tool sharpening and coarse.
(2) by the heat-resistant steel, stainless steel and high hardness alloy steel precision parts made of fine grinding and finish grinding. These parts with ordinary

abrasive abrasive due to excessive consumption, or blunt, but can not achieve high accuracy.
3. The local thermal stress and thermal shock sensitive materials (such as cast magnets, ferrite) parts grinding.
4. Large precision parts (Machine Tool, precision machine screw) fine grinding and finish grinding. These artifacts are often due to the high temperatures caused by

grinding larger thermal deformation, thereby failing to obtain high accuracy.
5. In the automatic and semi-automatic machines for mass production of the workpiece (instrumentation and miniature bearings parts) of fine grinding and finish

grinding.
6 Requirements abrasive edges with good retention of complex surface parts (gear shaper cutters, broaches, precision gears, cam, punch) grinding.
7. Thread cutter and thread gauges (taps, thread roller, thread plug gauges, etc.) type surface grinding.
8. Heat-resistant steels difficult to machine the workpiece super finishing.
9. Other hardened tool steel honing.
Cutting applications
PCBN inserts fine car with hardened steel
Machining of hard cast iron and gray cast iron
Boring holes casting speed
Reaming holes hardened steel or hard castings
Material removal
Using PCBN tool finishing of hardened steel, and its work harder than 45HRC, the best results. Its cutting speed is generally 80 ~ 120m/min, the higher the hardness of

the workpiece, the cutting speed should take a low value, such as car 70HRC hardness of the workpiece, the cutting speed should choose 60 ~ 80m/min. Finishing depth of

cut in 0.1 ~ 0.3mm, the feed rate at 0.05 ~ 0.025mm / r, finishing the workpiece surface roughness Ra0.3 ~ 0.6μm, dimensional accuracy up to 0.013mm. If a good

standard rigid CNC lathe, PCBN tool rigidity and sharp edge, then finishing the workpiece surface roughness up Ra0.3μm, dimensional accuracy up to 0.01mm, can be

achieved with CNC grinding machining level. If the machine rigidity, the choice of cutting speed is low, the selection of fine cars PCBN composite blade may

intermittently surfaces. Finishing allowance is generally about 0.3mm, before quenching to maximize the dimensional accuracy and low thermal deformation, cutting

margin in order to ensure uniform fine car, extending the life of the PCBN cutting tool. Finishing cutting fluid is generally not, because at higher cutting speeds, a

lot of cutting heat away from the chip, rarely stay in the surface affect the surface quality and precision. Finishing blades should use high strength and toughness to

the 80 ° diamond blade tip radius of 0.8 ~ 1.2mm, between the tool edge protection, need to use a fine whetstone chamfering. Finish turning of hardened workpiece is a

new technology, process testing to be done prior to the implementation, use and workpiece material, hardness and size of the same bar, in the same machine for

finishing or roughing test, the key is to experiment with the cutting tool parameter selection and process systems have sufficient rigidity. The process is currently

the country has adopted, such as FAW Group with PCBN tooling carburizing (58 ~ 63HRC) of 20CrMnTi transmission gear shift fork groove, using the process parameters are

Vc = 150m/min, f = 0.1mm / r, ap = 0.2 ~ 0.3mm, achieved by turning instead of grinding.
Processing of iron
Turning hardened steel with PCBN tools, require quenching hardness higher than 45 ~ 55HRC, machining of hard cast iron, as long as the level of hardness of medium

hardness (45HRC), will achieve good processing results. Such as automobile engine cylinder head on the exhaust valve seat is the use of copper, molybdenum, high-

chromium alloy cast iron material, the hardness of generally about 44HRC, the seat of the hole using the countersink (hinge), the car two processes , mostly in the

private automatic on-line processing, and carried a gun hinge hole catheter. Cutting used as: Vc = 71.6m/min, Vf = 26.5mm/min, ap = 1.0mm, using BC broaching oils,

processed since the adoption of PCBN cutting tools with carbide inserts previously used a variety of processing compared to the average durability of the tool 1200,

the machined surface roughness is Ra0.4μm, swing differential valve seat surface, the milling of cast iron
High-speed milling of gray cast iron, generally roughing can certainly use class K carbide, silicon helium finishing ceramic blade available. Such as a blade with 8

end mills use only installed on the two symmetrical PCBN inserts and cutting speed increased by 4 times, the result is the same metal removal rates while cutting force

declined by 3/4, tool life and machining quality than the former. Right pearlite cast and chilled cast iron, also should adopt PCBN cutting tools for high-speed

processing, comparison with other tool materials, can improve the cutting speed, longer tool life and reduce the surface roughness. Boring bar at high speed using

paired panels with single PCBN Boring boring compared good balance, thus increasing the rigidity of the boring bar, in a given feed, the use of twin blade boring holes

PCBN achieve high metal removal rate and surface quality. Currently there are more engine manufacturer of the cylinder block cylinder bore (or cylinder) finishing PCBN

cutting tools have been used. Such as Shanghai Volkswagen and FAW Group's engine plant, cylinder bore fine boring PCBN inserts are used and automatically compensates (

υc = 500m/min, f = 0.2mm / r, ap = 0.1mm). So out of the cylinder bore machining high precision, dimensional stability, and high efficiency, long tool life. For

boring holes, although ceramic or blade coating can be used, but the blades should be a negative rake angle, which will increase the cutting and chip resistance, easy

to produce vibration of the long boring bar. If using PCBN cutting tools for high-speed boring, its bore surface quality, high production efficiency. This kind of hole

machining the workpiece should adopt CBN electroplated reamer. The reamer is its hardness of 42HRC 9CrSi No. 45 steel or stainless steel as the base, and a cutting

portion having a front and rear guide, the matrix must be high precision manufacturing, design should be reasonable. Reamer as its front section with a diameter

smaller than the guide portion of the cutting edge diameter of 0.04mm, the length of the cutting area to the hole depth is greater than the workpiece, the latter is

greater than the length of the guide length of the cutting area, the diameter should be smaller than the diameter of the cutting blade 0.02mm. Reaming in order to be

able to flush chips and cutting fluid cooling and lubricating the machined surface, the substrate reamer opened two deep spiral groove. If a factory machining hardened

steel workpiece hole f12.06 ± 0.05mm, hardness 45HRC, Bottom size f12 ± 0.01mm, cylindrical bore as required 0.005mm, surface roughness Ra0.2μm. Using a group of

five of the electroplated CBN reamers after processing, to achieve better economic results. Some engine manufacturers, diamond or CBN electroplated reamer on the

cylinder block main bearing hole honing reaming, honing replace the original, so that processing efficiency increased by several times, and the quality and stability.

Used with a positive rake angle of PCBN tool, choose the appropriate cutting parameters, namely Vc = 100m/min, f = 0.05 ~ 0.2mm, ap = 0.1 ~ 0.2mm, using extreme

pressure coolant emulsion or oil, processed Austria austenitic stainless steel (45HRC), high temperature alloy steel, high manganese steel, high strength steel and

high nickel alloy steel and other materials, obtain higher machining efficiency and surface quality.
Grinding
 cBN materials in addition to the tool used to make, but its biggest application areas or CBN abrasive made for fast and efficient grinding and honing, grinding

efficiency can greatly improve the accuracy and quality of its grinding up a notch.
Grinding auto parts - camshafts and crankshafts
CBN wheel bore Grinding Application
With CBN grinding wheel gear
Application CBN abrasive machining difficult materials and hard work surface
Automotive engine camshaft having a plurality of cams, cam kibble after quenching and grinding cams that affect the quality of key processes. Are generally used by

imitating shaped grinding, the workpiece speed increase is limited, the workpiece is easy to produce grinding burn crack, using shaped grinding by imitating its cam

surface contour curve by the wheel diameter to the size of the impact, it is difficult to ensure correct the contour curve. Production Practice has proved that when

the wheel diameter is large, grind cam lean, when wheel diameter hours, grind cam fat, only when close to or equal to the diameter of the grinding wheel cam cam roller

diameter (usually f570mm), its copying the error approaches zero, the cam surface grind cam profile curve of the cam close. In actual production, the use of wheel

diameter are generally from the D600 (or 610) is used D500, and the ideal wheel diameter (570) differ very much, so a majority of the total production of the camshaft

cam curve exceeded. To solve this problem, we rely on the use of imitation cam grinder CBN grinding wheel, CBN grinding wheel diameter can be made of the D575, CBN

abrasive layer thickness of 4 ~ 5mm, its smallest diameter grinding wheel D565, grinding diameter range although only 10mm, but the number was equivalent to tens of

grinding parts ordinary piece wheel, not only to ensure proper cam curve, but it does not produce the phenomenon of grinding burn. Such as internal grinding efficiency

has been low, the main reason is grinding speed, grinding wheel materials and rigid rod problem. Production process used in the dressing wheel, replace the wheel time

work accounted for almost one-piece 1/3 to 1/5. If the inner circle or trench with CBN electroplated grinding wheel and the wheel speed, increasing the grinding rod

diameter, can be an appropriate increase in the workpiece speed and feed rate, not only to ensure the hole (arc) diameter, width size and shape bit accuracy, surface

roughness and to avoid burns, but also can be multiplied to improve processing efficiency and reduce processing costs. Such as domestic factory processing an annual

output of 600,000 sets of textile machinery bearings, grinding f15.5 +0.04 hole and the adjacent arc groove, in the past with chromium corundum (GG) wheel, two steps

were required in two M224 internal grinding machine processing, its slot (arc) diameter difference and the size of the hole is difficult to ensure concentricity and

low efficiency, the use of CBN grinding wheels, bold a grinding rod, improved feed, saving the trimming and replacing the wheel of the time, solve the original

problem. Later changed to hole, ditch while grinding, grinding rod that is installed in two wheel, the grinding efficiency by 1 times, saving a grinder. The processing

of the workpiece surface roughness Ra0.63μm grinding process parameters used: V sand = 36m / s, V2 = 19m/min, f rough cut = 1μm / r, f fine cut = 0.5μm / r, light

grinding time t = bs, emulsion concentration of 10% values. Gears grinding in the past is the use of a single tooth and multiple tooth surface grinding, surface

grinding, although single tooth can obtain higher precision, but low efficiency, high cost, multi-tooth grinding, although high production efficiency, but its

processing single tooth grinding poor quality ratio. The use of CBN grinding wheel, either single-or multi-tooth grinding, tooth grinding, electroplating or vitrified

CBN grinding wheel for grinding, the effect is extremely significant:
CBN grinding wheel can be made with high precision tooth, because high durability, less frequent dressing, without constantly adjust the machine, to obtain a stable

tooth Gallery, lead and pitch accuracy.
Can be achieved with a high speed grinding tooth surface grinding feed rate, low roughness and will not burn, can improve the grinding efficiency in the conditions to

obtain a high precision gears (6 to 7).
CBN grinding wheel, long life, good grinding performance, saving replacement wheel dressing machine adjustment and testing, and many artifacts auxiliary time.
On hardened steel or chilled cast iron bore honing, CBN honing stone can be used for high-strength, high hardness and high heat-sensitive alloy steel, stainless steel,

heat-resistant steel and alloys, should adopt high hardness, high strength CBN wheel, using extreme pressure emulsion or liquid cooled high-speed grinding. For longer

rail surface or complex surfaces, cam shaft cam grinder etc. CBN grinding wheel should be used.
Machining
CBN materials either produced or produced abrasive tool, used in high-speed cutting or grinding, can receive improve product quality, improve processing efficiency,

shorten the processing cycle and reduce processing costs and other significant effects. Therefore, in the processing, and vigorously promote the CBN tool (grinding) is

to improve the manufacturing technology with powerful measures. However, if popularized use, there are many problems. In order to better promote the use of production

CBN cutter (grinding) with, you should do the following tasks:
Action
Achieve joint development of three-point line, that CBN - Tool Manufacturing - user or CBN and tool manufacturing - machine tools - user applications jointly developed

CBN
Research
At present, a lot of CBN materials manufacturers, production is also a lot, but not much high-quality, CBN cutting (grinding) with the stability of the user less. The

reason is mainly machining department CBN expensive knife (grinding) with a lack of choice and use of knowledge, the procurement of CBN Tools effectiveness much, in

its austerity conditions, will not dare to invest in technology test.
Quality awareness
Courage to improve manufacturing technology in order to solve this problem, only the CBN tool (grinding) with Institute (The) active-depth machinery manufacturing

production units, production efficiency and quality selection weaknesses and already has or is easy to create a point CBN processing conditions , jointly developed

with the user CBN negotiated and signed application contract. Tools developed by the test unit is responsible for the CBN gratis knife (grinding) with the user's

responsibility to provide the necessary conditions to organize production test pilot. This played a multi enthusiasm, select the tool from the CBN quality

manufacturing, will to the best, the fastest speed, users from preparation to the experimental conditions used, to see the results of the target to achieve the

contract, do not spend testing fee will be solved production problems, it is easy to promote. The Tool Academy (the) supply in the future also gradually recovered

profits, as long as the two sides have maintained mutual benefit, cooperation relations will further consolidate. I plant is the use of this approach with a number of

research institutions have developed many new technologies. Many in machining processing difficulties, although CBN tools available to solve, but the condition is not

domestic Which can be done alone, because not all CBN tools have unique and universal processing capacity. We have also used the CBN inserts fine boring boron liner,

its effect is not better than the new ceramic blades.
Quality reasons
The reasons are many, such as CBN quality, content, branding specifications and binders are suitable boron cast iron. As CBN abrasive grinding effect of factors

influence even more, in addition to its quality of raw materials, proportion and abrasive manufacturing technology, there are conditions of use and technologies. Such

as grinding speed (high speed grinding applications speed), grinding rigidity, no vibration, automatic feeding and dressing fine compensation mechanism, appropriate

grinding parameters and coolant, etc. These are important complementary factors, by the parties concerned concerted efforts to improve their quality of their products,

promote each other in order to make CBN tools and special equipment for the production successfully. Users want to use with the effectiveness of CBN tools, therefore,

requires tools manufacturing units, in addition to CBN tools and to improve manufacturing techniques, the quality of the product should also establish clear criteria

and methods of identification, the distribution of certain performance parameters, such as the CBN tool content and brand, hardness and abrasive CBN precision,

concentration, etc., on the basis of production use tests to give full play to the user's experience in the production of different cutting parameters and machining

coolant obtained results were analyzed, the CBN tools are qualitative improvement. CBN tools, scope, conditions of use and application of technical support (such as

equipment and coolant, etc.), the user can correct selection and use of CBN tools. 21st century is the era of high technology, the product must be a high-performance,

high-quality, no market, business vitality. Therefore, we should increase the level of manufacturing technology as soon as possible, while promoting the use of CBN

tools to improve manufacturing technology is a powerful measure, which requires not only the competent authorities of the strong funding and support, organized,

planned and gradual promotion of technical support and CBN tools use, but also require the user to the courage to accept new materials, new technologies change the

past, outdated production methods and management concepts, namely knife (grinding) with indicators of consumption costs are very low, we can only total product cost

about 1/100, rather than to improve production efficiency and product quality assurance prevail, this will limit the quality and efficiency of the knife (grinding)

with a production capacity of applications and advanced equipment to play. Practice has proved that, CBN cutting (grinding) with the effectiveness of the process can

not only improve the quality of products, but also can improve economic efficiency.

Cubic boron nitride Overview

CBN is a hexagonal lattice of boron nitride (H-BN) under heat and pressure, the activator effect polymerization conversion into high-density cubic lattice (C-BN)

single crystal, the crystal type structure similar to diamond, its hardness only to diamond of 7000 ~ 9000HV, the boron and nitrogen atoms, and its chemical and

thermal stability than carbon atoms in diamond. Widely used for machining hardened steel, chilled cast iron, heat-resistant alloys and other ferrous metals.
Brief introduction
cubic boron nitride single crystal particles is very small, only can be used for abrasives. In order to make the tool, it needs to be further various combinations with

or without agent (phase) and then sintered at high temperature high-pressure polymerization of PCBN PCBN isotropic polycrystalline block. It is made with high speed

and efficiency to meet a variety of processing requirements, the overall composite as a whole or with carbide blade (PCBN time usually about 0.5mm thick), then it is

welded or mechanical clamping into various Use of the tool, which known CBN cutting tools.
Feature
Cubic boron nitride (CBN) in hardness only to diamond. And the diamond is different, it is in the processing of ferrous metals chemical reaction hardly occurs. Through

a high-temperature high-pressure technology, people can carbide layer is bonded tightly homogeneous poly crystal cubic boron nitride coating. This poly-crystalline

cubic boron nitride referred PKB. BZN * - blades can replace conventional grinding process for hardening steel material treated (HRC45-68) also enables high-speed

finishing, cutting speed can reach 80-200m/min. BZN * - pearlitic cast iron blade is also used for cutting and hard cast iron and alloy cast iron.
Method
A single crystal cubic boron nitride sintered body and polycrystalline two kinds.
Single crystal is hexagonal boron nitride and the catalyst at a pressure of 3000 to 8000 MPa, the temperature is within the range 800 ~ 1900 ℃ system. Typical

catalyst materials selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, tin, lead, antimony and their nitrides. Cubic boron nitride crystal with tetrahedral truncated

cone, octahedron, distorted crystal and double crystal, etc.). Industrial production CBN black, amber and surface metallization, the particle size is usually below 1

mm. It has superior thermal stability of diamond and iron group metals chemically inert, for the manufacture of abrasive, suitable for processing both hard and tough

materials such as high-speed steel, tool steel, tool steel, bearing steel, nickel and cobalt-based alloy, chilled cast iron. CBN abrasive grinding with steel, the most

grinding ratio and obtain high surface quality.
Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride sintered body of the main system of law are: ① a cubic boron nitride powder and a small amount of binding agent (such as cobalt,

aluminum, titanium, titanium nitride, etc.) at a pressure of 4000 to 8000 MPa, a temperature of 1300 ~ 1900 ℃ sintered under; ② to cubic boron nitride powder and a

binding agent layer to carbide (sheet or powder) as a layer, the above pressure and temperature, the two sintered together to obtain a cemented carbide substrate with

a polycrystalline sintered body, this sintered body has high strength, while maintaining the original physical and chemical properties of cubic boron nitride, can be

made up to 16 mm in diameter of the wafer, after cutting into a suitable shape as turning and boring knife blade, suitable for cutting hardened steel, cast iron and

nickel-based alloys.
Application
CBN grinding tools and tool mainly used for the production, that is used for grinding and cutting. CBN abrasives and abrasive products (corundum, silicon carbide

abrasive), compared with grinding sharp, good wear resistance, high processing efficiency (ease of automation), excellent surface quality (inside surface compressive

stress), high precision, long life, low unit processing cost, energy-saving and environmental improvement, etc., so it is widely used in automobiles, tractors,

bearings, machine tools, gear, tools, abrasives, aerospace, military and many other industries, particularly for high-speed steel, heat-resistant steel, stainless

steel, heat-sensitive materials, high hardness, toughness, high temperature strength, low thermal conductivity materials, precision grinding.
Ceramic CBN grinding not only has sharp cutting, cutting force is small, high efficiency, long life, easy shaping and sharpening, grinding, high precision, but also

has grinding workpiece temperature is low, the surface can eliminate residual tensile stress stress, so that the workpiece durability increased by 30% -50% of the

characteristics, therefore, vitrified CBN grinding to get the sudden emergence in recent years of development.

Abrasives Outline

Abrasives Outline
Abrasives, abrasive and grinding tools are referred to, including abrasive products and abrasive products. Known as dental abrasives industry reputation. Commonly used

in the grinding or abrasive abrasive grinding tool as the machining of parts to be machined to achieve the certain technical requirements.
Abrasive Category
Wherein the abrasive products are mainly divided abrasive corundum and silicon carbide abrasive two categories, specifically, there are basically the following:
1, corundum abrasive, the main component of Al2O3, with medium hardness, toughness, particle Fengrui, relatively inexpensive, suitable for machining high tensile

strength of the metal. Microcrystalline corundum abrasives and black corundum abrasives are its derived varieties.
2, white fused alumina abrasive, slightly higher than the hardness of corundum, but poor toughness, easy to cut into the workpiece during grinding, good self-

sharpening, less heat, grinding ability, high efficiency. Chromium corundum abrasive is its derived varieties.
3, single crystal corundum abrasive material particles are composed of a single crystal, and has a good polygonal cutting edge, high hardness and toughness, grinding

ability, less grinding heat, the disadvantage is the high cost of production, yield lower, so the price is relatively high. Corundum abrasives are also crystalline

compound, slightly lower hardness, crystal size is fine, good wear resistance.
4, black silicon carbide abrasive, green silicon carbide abrasive, abrasive cubic silicon carbide, silicon carbide abrasive cerium, etc., are silicon carbide abrasive,

the main ingredient is silicon carbide SiC, high hardness, brittleness, sharp abrasive grains, good thermal conductivity, strong wear resistance, more suitable for

processing hard and brittle metallic and non-metallic products.
Abrasives Classification and Development
Is for abrasive grinding , grinding and polishing tools. Most of the abrasive is made of abrasive plus artificial abrasive binding agent, is also useful natural mineral

rock directly processed into natural abrasive. In addition to grinding and other metal processing machinery manufacturing industry has been widely used, but also for

food processing, paper industry and the ceramics, glass, stone, plastic, rubber, wood and other non-metal materials processing.
Abrasive in use, when the blunt abrasive, because the abrasive agent or a combination of its own to break fracture, the abrasive grain from the partial or complete

loss, the working surface of the Abrasive grinding emerging new cutting edge, sharp or continuously exposing new abrasive grains, the abrasive can be maintained within

a certain time cutting. This self-sharpening abrasive is abrasive tool compared with the general prominent feature.
As early as the Neolithic Age, humans had already started to process the application of natural stone knives, stone axes, bone, horn, and tools such as a tooth; 1872,

appeared in the United States with natural abrasives combined with clay firing ceramic grinding wheel; 1900 years ago, the advent of artificial abrasives, using

artificial abrasives manufacturing have produced a variety of abrasives for grinding and grinding create the conditions for rapid development. Since then, natural

abrasive in the abrasive proportion gradually reduced.
Abrasives source of their raw materials, with natural and artificial abrasive abrasive categories. Commonly used in machinery industry is only natural abrasive

Whetstone. Artificial abrasive characteristics according to the basic shape and structure of the distinction between a grinding wheel, grinding, stone, sand tile (the

foregoing collectively referred abrasive) and coated abrasives five. In addition, it is customary also put abrasives abrasive as a class.
Bonded Abrasives are used by different abrasives can be divided into ordinary abrasive abrasive and superabrasive abrasive. The former corundum and silicon carbide and

other common abrasive, the latter with diamond and cubic boron nitride and other superhard abrasive material. In addition, there are some special varieties, such as

sintered corundum abrasive and so on.
By ordinary abrasive abrasive abrasive solid binding agent to form a certain shape common, and has a certain strength abrasive. Generally abrasive, binder and pore

structure, these three parts are frequently referred to as the three elements of abrasive.
Abrasive abrasive cutting action play. Binding agent is a solid form of the abrasive loose abrasive materials, with inorganic and organic types. Inorganic binder with

ceramic, magnesite, sodium silicate and the like; organic a resin, rubber and shellac. One of the most commonly used is a ceramic, resin and rubber binding agent.
Holes in the ground when debris from the role of the chip and the chip, and can accommodate coolant, helps grinding heat dissipation. To meet the requirements of

certain special processing, the pores can be impregnated with certain fillers such as sulfur and paraffin, so as to improve the abrasive performance. Such fillers,

also known as the fourth element of the abrasive.
Means a common abrasive abrasive characteristics of the project are: shape, size abrasive, grain size, hardness, structure and bonding agent. Abrasive abrasive

hardness refers to the external force from the abrasive surface of the shedding of degree of difficulty, it reflects the strength of binding agent holding abrasive.
The hardness of the abrasive agent is added depends on the amount of binding and the density of abrasive, abrasive grains easily fall off indication low hardness; vice

versa, which means high hardness. Hardness level is generally divided into super-soft, soft, medium soft, medium, medium-hard, hard and superhard seven magnitude, from

these levels can be subdivided in a number of small magnitude. Abrasive hardness measurement methods are more commonly used hand cone, mechanical cone method, Rockwell

hardness measurement method and sandblasting assay.
The hardness of the abrasive and its dynamic modulus of elasticity has a corresponding relationship, which is conducive to the audio abrasive measured dynamic elastic

modulus of said abrasive tools. In the grinding process, if they are grinding workpiece material hardness, generally used in low hardness abrasive; Conversely, the

selection of high hardness abrasive.
Grinding of crude into tight, medium and loose categories. Each category can be further subdivided and number, with the numbers to differentiate between organizations.

Abrasives organization number greater share of the abrasive grinding smaller volume percentage, the wider the gap between the grains, which means that more loose

tissue. On the contrary, the smaller the number of organizations expressed more tightly organized. Loose organization is not easy to use abrasive passivation less heat

during grinding, the workpiece can reduce heat deformation and burns. Tight organization abrasive grit easy to fall off, helps maintain the abrasive geometry.

Abrasives organization only in the manufacture of abrasive formulations are controlled by, generally do not make determination.
Abrasives - Uses
Grinding, polishing, grinding, cleaning, cutting, drilling.

Single crystal diamond

Single crystal diamond cutting tools must be used for large particles (mass greater than 0.1g, the best path length not less than 3mm), mainly used in surface

roughness, geometry, high precision and dimensional accuracy requirements of precision and ultra precision machining applications fields.
Natural diamond single crystal diamond is the most wear-resistant material. Fine texture of its own, after fine grinding, cutting edge edge edge radius as small as

0.008 ~ 0.005μm. But more brittle natural single crystal diamond, the crystal anisotropy, different surfaces or in the same plane

Crystal hardness in different directions were different, and must be used during the sharpening choose the right direction. The use of harsh conditions, coupled with

natural single crystal diamond resources are limited, the price is very expensive, so they use a production PCD, PCD / CC and CVD diamond

Tools. Some natural single crystal diamond is mainly used for ultra-precision machining non-ferrous metals or gold jewelry production.
synthetic diamond single crystal diamond the size, shape and performance are in good agreement, present due to high pressure technology matures, a certain size can be prepared

by synthetic single crystal diamond, especially in the processing of high wear-resistant laminated wood, it performance to be

Than PCD diamond cutting edge will not cause premature passivation

Application of diamond tools

Natural diamond tools currently used mainly for copper and copper alloys and gold, silver, rhodium and other precious metals, and special parts of the ultra-precision

mirror processing, such as a disk recorder, an optical mirror, a polygon mirror and the second curved mirror and so on. But its crystalline anisotropy, the tool

Expensive. PCD performance depends on the content of diamond grains and cobalt, cemented carbide tool life (WC substrate) of the tool 10 to 500 times. Turning is

mainly used for various non-ferrous such as aluminum, copper, magnesium and their alloys, tungsten carbide fibers and strong wear resistance

Plasticized materials, metal matrix composites, wood and other non-metallic materials. When cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut depends on processing conditions

and the hardness of the workpiece material. synthetic diamond polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) properties and applications close PCD tools, mainly

Used in non-ferrous metals, tungsten carbide, ceramics, non-metallic materials (plastic, hard rubber, carbon rod, wood, cement products, etc.), composite materials

cutting, gradual replacement carbide cutting tools . Because the diamond particles bonded to ask some residual metals and graphite,

Bonding metal to which the state or in the form coalesced vein-like distribution will reduce tool wear and life. In addition there is a metal residue solvent, solvent

metal in direct contact with the diamond surface. Lower (PDC) antioxidant capacity and tool heat resistance, it is not enough cutting tool

Stability. Thick Diamond Tool preparation process is complex, because of the low melting point metals and their alloys and diamond has a high interfacial energy

between. Diamond is difficult to be generally low melting point solder alloy infiltration. Weldability poor, difficult to produce complex geometry tool, so TDF

Welding tool can not be used in high-speed milling. Diamond-coated tools can be applied to high-speed machining, because in addition to diamond coated tools have

excellent mechanical properties, diamond coating process can be prepared any complex shape cutters for high speed machining, such as aluminum

Difficult to machine titanium aerospace materials and non-metallic materials such as graphite electrodes.

Diamond coated tools

Diamond coated tools with diamond coated tools directly in the carbide CVD method (K type carbide) or ceramic layer deposited on the substrate 1 ~ 25μm diamond films,

no cleavage plane isotropic. Figure 3 (b). Film coated tool hardness of 9800 ~

10000HV. High thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity at room temperature up to 2000W · m-1 · K-1, while the carbide thermal conductivity is only 80 ~ 100m-1 ·

K-1. Diamond CVD method may be coated to any complex shape of the tool, which is not owned by the polycrystalline diamond

The most significant advantage.
Cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tools cubic boron nitride (PCBN) is the second synthetic diamond that appears after the second inorganic superhard materials, its

slightly inferior to diamond hardness, good thermal stability, heat resistance up to 1400 ~ 1500 degrees, the heat resistance than diamond (700 to 800 degrees) Quite

Almost twice as high. Cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tools is mainly suitable for processing a variety of ferrous metals and their alloys; most suitable for a

variety of hardened steel (carbon tool steel, bearing steel, tool steel, high speed steel) pearlitic gray cast iron (vanadium-titanium iron) chilled cast superalloys

(nickel-based alloys

Cobalt-based alloys) and surface coating welding processing. Has a long life and reduce the number of tool changes, compensation down the time spent for NC machine

tools and automated production line efficiency can be more fully exploited, can change the traditional machining way (ie, before quenching with a tool

Wheels for roughing and finishing after quenching method), which can be on a CNC machine before quenching after quenching turning (turning instead of grinding), with

good economic benefits.

Polycrystalline diamond cutting tools

polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools PCD high temperature high pressure conditions by cobalt and other metal-bonded to synthetic diamond powder sintered

polycrystalline material gathered, also known as sintered diamond. Overall sintered polycrystalline diamond cutter cutter for milling, PCD grain was

Disordered arrangement state, is isotropic, uniform hardness, graphitization temperature is 550 ℃. Tool has high hardness, high thermal conductivity, low thermal

expansion coefficient, high elastic modulus and a low coefficient of friction. They are very sharp and so on.
Synthetic polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) tool to improve PCD inserts toughness and weldability, often the PCD and carbide composite body made of synthetic

polycrystalline diamond blade (PDc). The surface of the cemented carbide substrate being suppressed 0.5 ~ 1mm thick layer of sintered PCD

. The flexural strength of the composite blade with carbide consistent hardness close to PCD, PCD can replace the use. PCD and synthetic polycrystalline diamond

compact (PDC) cutter sharp edge and workpiece surface quality than ND. While its workability is poor,

Grinding ratio is small, it is difficult according to the geometry of any head shape. Current use of synthetic polycrystalline diamond compact Preparation Tool only,

still can not be manufactured with chipbreaker indexable inserts and complex three-dimensional surface geometry cutter.
CVD diamond films (TDF) welding tool welding thick diamond cutting tool is good to laser welded to a CVD diamond thick film substrate (usually a class K carbide) to

form a composite sheet, and then polishing composite sheet, the second welding to the cutter body, sharpening as needed

Shape and edge. Figure 3 (a) shows, for the CVD diamond films (diamond film thickness of 30μm), with high hardness, wear resistance, low coefficient of friction,

etc., is to create cutting non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials, the ideal tool materials. As Diamond Welding

Process complex process, CVD diamond films (TDF) welding tool yet high-volume applications.

Abrasive blasting
Brief introduction
Abrasive blasting abrasive short time, high efficiency, good benefits, and low prices. The product hardness, high toughness, good self-sharpening, sand consumption is

low and can recycle and reuse, grinding wheel pieces of finish is good; and chemical stability, wear resistance, acid and alkali. The abrasive media

Shell-shaped fracture, sharp corners, constantly smashing step in the formation of new edges and the side edge, making it superior to other Abrasive grinding capacity.

In particular it has a high hardness, specific gravity, chemical stability and its unique advantages of a self-sharpening abrasive blasting process used

Preferred; while the workpiece is cleaned sand-blasting, grinding and polishing the ideal material.
Principle
Abrasive blasting is the use of compressed air as a driving force to form a high-speed jet beam will spray material (copper sand, quartz sand, emery, iron ore, Hainan

sand) high-speed jet to the need to deal with the surface, the outer surface of the workpiece surface appearance or shape changes, since the

Abrasives on the surface of the impact and cutting action of the workpiece surface to obtain a different cleanliness and roughness of the workpiece surface to improve

the mechanical properties, thus improving fatigue resistance of the workpiece, and the coating of increased its adhesion between, extend the

The durability of the coating, but also conducive leveling and decorative coatings.
Precautions
1, before work must wear protective supplies, are not allowed to work naked arm. Work will not be less than two.
2, gas tank, pressure gauge, safety valve to regularly check. Tank two weeks once the dust emission, Shaguan inside the filter once a month.
3, check the vent pipe and blasting machine door is sealed. Work five minutes, shall actuate ventilation dust removal equipment, ventilation and dust removal equipment

failure, prohibit blasting machine work.
4, the compressed air valve slowly open, pressure must not exceed 0.8MPa.
5, sandblasting size should be adapted to the requirements of work, usually in ten to twenty number are applicable, sand should be kept dry.
6, sandblasting machine work, prohibit close. Cleaning and adjusting the operation site should be shut down.
7, who are not allowed to use compressed air to blow dust or joking.
8, after work, ventilation and dust removal equipment should continue to operate for five minutes and then off to discharge indoor dust, keep clean.
9, the occurrence of physical, equipment accidents, should be kept on-site, and report the relevant departments.

The correct choice of abrasive

Overview faced due to blasting construction productivity and environmental stakes so well-known characteristics of abrasive blasting has become in today's business

environment to survive and maintain a competitive advantage specific demands. Introduction sandblasted surface is re-established protective paint systems

To step. Over the years many tests concluded: providing stability in blast cleaning the surface of the anchor-like appearance of the coating application can get the

corrosion resistance and high durability. In order to obtain the proper surface roughness must select the appropriate requirements engineering polish

abrasive grinding . In some cases, because the sand will damage the surface residues of the degree of cleaning, polishing must consider not strong blasting particles. Today's

business environment for quality assurance and environmental requirements are very strict, so familiar with the characteristics of the abrasive blasting is critical.

Unlucky

There is no one kind of blasting abrasives suitable for all construction work, fortunately, there are many different types and grades of abrasive, to ensure the

project is completed. Learning the characteristics of each type of abrasive can help you choose the more efficient and interests of abrasive blasting.
When selecting the desired abrasive, it must take into account the characteristics of each. These include abrasive hardness, shape, size, color, weight, chemical

composition, availability, cost, and environmental factors, to choose the best according to each item.
Hardness The hardness of the abrasive particles determines the ability to form etching or sandblasting the surface of the substrate to form a specific anchor-like

appearance. Determine abrasive method is Mohs hardness scale hardness. The scale ranges from 1 to 10, 1 being the most flexible (Mica) 10 represents one of the hardest

(

Diamond). Generally reach anchor-like appearance sandblasting pellets hardness was 6.0 or higher. But there are some requirements in the range 3.0 to 4.5 using soft

pellets, these pellets were not etched glass or steel surface, but will remove foreign soil, provides surface

Cleanliness, mainly for the substrate surface do not want to damage or sand blasting particles or residues be damage to the environment surrounding the area. Soft sand

pellets usually used around the bearing or other vulnerable machines range. Hard abrasive grit and steel shot is with Rockwell

C notation hardness. Hardness in the range between 42-65. Etching the surface of the steel grit and steel shot in the steel surface dents.
Shape The shape of the abrasive is not the same, there is angular, massive, semi-circular shape or spherical. There are sharp edges on the substrate in clearing

angular abrasive substances or dirt adhering closely to clean the highest rate. A sharp edge angular abrasive surface of the steel can anchor-like appearance of the

paint

The attachment provides excellent mechanical properties. In addition to very difficult to remove the dirt, the bulk abrasive cleaning can guarantee a good rate.

Abrasives or semi-spherical indentation in the surface, which is mainly used to increase the surface hardness of the abrasive.
The size of the clean abrasive size and the rate of formation of anchor-like appearance. Sieving through the United States or particle diameter size of France decided

to differentiate tablets
Abrasive grinding generally divided into four sieve to 325 sieve, the smaller the size, the larger abrasive particles. 8-16 grade pellets is very rough, mainly for difficult

cleaning or need deeper anchor-like appearance of the surface; 20-40 level for general purposes; 80-120 grade for polishing metal surfaces.

Round or spherical sand particle diameter pellets to distinguish through the grades, the size range between 0.070 -0.660 feet. Uniform level to ensure that the size of

the abrasive blasting machine through accurate flow measuring valves, uniform level of grit in order to protect the base

Stable metal surface roughness.
If you consider is color selection abrasive type, color is not very important, but in some cases also a key factor. After blasting the surface of the residue will

affect the appearance. Black abrasive because of the difficulty reflected sunlight, less dust than light, interior lighting is needed

This is especially when blasting area important. If in a confined area or areas for maintenance construction, easy to completely remove the abrasive from the aesthetic

point of view is very important to choose the color of abrasive.
Weight or gravity will affect the weight of the abrasive surface cleanliness and surface roughness. By the weight in pounds / cubic foot, said referring to the

proportion of the particle density than the major means heavy weight. The same pressure conditions, heavy pellets made deeper anchor-like appearance. Ratio

Significant less abrasive dust generated, light weight pellets impact the substrate is small, mainly used for light sandblasting or polishing to remove burrs. Chemical

composition in order to ensure the compatibility with the substrate, the chemical composition of the abrasive must be considered. When blasting, the spray sand

Child will be embedded in the substrate or leave residues, will be on the protective coating system damage. If the stainless steel substrate using iron blasting

particles embedded corrosion electrode formed on the substrate. Availability must ensure that the chosen blasting particles have sufficient supply

, Easy access, to ensure the successful completion of the project. To ensure the best engineering results, not recommended way to replace the abrasive. Many abrasive

is a natural byproduct of ores or other industries, is not easy to ensure timely delivery of large quantities.
Cost Cost is abrasive key factor in the project. Generally speaking, by the supplier to the construction site from the freight decide abrasive choice. Abrasive damage

rate is also important. Cupboards or by sandblasting sand recovery system between the full re-use, reducing the high recycling

Rate abrasive costs. Blasting pressure recirculation rate, hardness, ductility, and determined by the size of abrasive.
Environmental impact on the environment is to determine the final choice of abrasive elements. Include: sandblasting workers respiration. Workers in the sandblasting

process must use respiratory equipment, and monitor the entire blasting process. When the blasting area with poor ventilation, you must use the correct dust

Soil recycling equipment to reduce workers face the dust. It should also be taken into account abrasive dispersed into the soil, enclosed area should be considered

toxic paint additional safety and engineering control measures. Abrasive
    Abrasive directories listed below is just normally use abrasives, not all, the purpose to provide readers with more information, and to arouse the reader's

curiosity looking around for suitable abrasive. Familiar with the performance characteristics of each type of abrasive to ensure the success of the project to provide

good

Good start.
Silica abrasive silica sand is an inexpensive, in many countries, many places you can get. Ores relatively sharp, more rounded sand. Mohs hardness of 6-7, can be

formed on the surface of the substrate etching or anchor-like appearance, a variety of sizes, brown or tan, can pass

Over recycling use, containing 95% -99% silica (SiO2). Because of the danger of silicosis, you must take special sandblasting process control. U.S. Occupational Safety

and Health National Business Association (NIOSH) recommended standard PB-246-697 Part 6 point 2 a

Description: "no silicon controlled blasting will cause silicosis hazard, special attention must. Silica sand or other materials containing more than 1% free silica,

must be prohibited as abrasive blasting process used in the blast." And further that: "The most effective and direct exclusion silicosis

Disease risk approach is replaced with a material of low toxicity free silicon, sandblasting process should consider the silicon content of less than 1% of free

alternatives. "
The utility industry slag by-product slag, massive, free silica content of less than 1%. Mohs hardness of 6, is formed on the substrate surface can be etched, or

anchor-like appearance, with green glossy black, a variety of sizes, mainly composed of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and iron oxide

Composition, can be recycled several times, but generally one-time use, is inexpensive abrasive. Copper Copper is copper slag slag industrial by-products, block, free

silica content of less than 1%, Mohs hardness of 6, is formed on the substrate surface can be etched, or anchor-like appearance, due to

Proportion of embedded substrate Assembly, black with gray gloss, available in various sizes, are inexpensive abrasive.
Nickel Nickel slag slag are by-products, block, free silica content of less than 1%, Mohs hardness of 6, is formed on the substrate surface can be etched, or anchor-

like appearance, a variety of sizes, can be recycled many times, but generally one-time use, is a low abrasive.
Cross Stone Cross Stone is a natural mineral, cusp-like, free silica content of less than 1% of alumina and iron oxide, Mohs hardness of 7, can be formed on the

surface of the substrate etching or anchor-like appearance, can be recycled many times use, but for outdoor and sandblasting cabinet and there is back

Closing occasionally blasting systems use only once, with moderate and small size. Ceramic Ceramic is specialized in producing abrasive, cusp-shaped, free silica

content of less than 1%, was dark brown / gray, Mohs hardness of 7, a variety of sizes, to the substrate surface erosion

Engraved or anchor-like appearance, can be repeatedly recycled.
Peridot Peridot is a natural mineral, cusp-like, free silica content of less than 1%, Mohs hardness of 6.5, can be formed on the surface of the substrate etching or

anchor-like appearance, pale green, there are a variety of sizes, the main ingredient is silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, can be more

Times recycling use, but for outdoor blasting and sandblasting cabinet and a recovery system can only be used between blasting off.
Zircon is a natural mineral zircon, cusp-shaped, free silica content of less than 1%, the Moh hardness of 6.5, formed on the surface of the substrate can be etched, or

anchor-like appearance, consisting of zirconium silicon, brown, its rapid cutting, mainly in the blasting cabinet and a recovery system sandblasting

Occasional use.
Alumina ceramics are specialized in manufacturing abrasive, cusp-like, free silica content of less than 1%, black, Mohs hardness of 8, a variety of sizes, the surface

of the substrate can be etched, or anchor-like appearance, can be repeated Recycling, because of fast cutting, low dust, high

Costs, mainly in the blasting cabinet and a recovery system used in sandblasting room.
Is specialized in producing glass beads ceramic abrasive, spherical, free silica content of less than 1%, white, Mohs hardness of 6, a variety of sizes, may be formed

on the surface pits can be recycled many times, because of its fast and clean mainly in the blast cabinet and cost recovery system has

Using conventional sandblasting room, used to increase surface hardness and deburring.
Garnet Garnet is a natural mineral, cusp-shaped, free silica content of less than 1% red, Mohs hardness of 7.5, a variety of sizes, the surface of the substrate can be

etched, or anchor-like appearance, can be recycled many times , because of its fast cutting, low dust, high costs

This, mainly in the blasting cabinet and a recovery system used in sandblasting room.
Specializing in the production of silicon carbide SiC abrasive, cusp-shaped, free silica content of less than 1% black, the Mohs hardness of 8.5, a variety of sizes,

the surface of the substrate can be etched, or anchor-like appearance, can be more secondary recovery, because fast cutting, low dust

High costs, mainly in the blasting cabinet and a recovery system used in sandblasting room.
Walnut shell walnut shells are agricultural products, block, free silica content of less than 1%, Mohs hardness of 3, no etching of the substrate surface, black, a

variety of sizes, for deburring, cleaning electrical components, precision thread or bearing the surrounding area. Jade

Corn cob cob grain rice grain agricultural products, block, free silica content of less than 1%, Mohs hardness of 4.5, no etching of the substrate surface, black, a

variety of sizes, for cleaning electrical components , aluminum mold, precision thread or bearing the surrounding area

Domains. Specializing in the production of plastic particles in the plastic abrasive particles, blocks, free silica content of less than 1%, Mohs hardness of 3-4, the

plastic particles are soft, no etching of the substrate surface, because of the high cost, mainly in the spray cabinet and sand blasting rooms have recycling systems

Used for cleaning the mold, thread and precision equipment area. Shot Shot specialized in manufacturing abrasive, spherical, free silica content of less than 1% of the

iron oxide component, Rockwell C hardness of 42-50, to the formation of dents on the surface, the number of recycling

Up to 100 times or more, the use of low cost, mainly used for rotating wheel blasting machine, also for other metals to provide surface hardness. Grit abrasive grit is

specialized in producing, cusp-like, less than 1% free silica content, composition is iron oxide, Rockwell C hardness of 42-62

, Recycling up to 100 times more than the frequency of use, low cost, mainly in the blasting cabinet and a recovery system used in blasting rooms can also be mixed

with steel shot, by rotating the wheel blast machine to achieve special anchor-like appearance. This paper summarizes the total abrasive blasting views

Purpose is to inspire readers to describe consciously find more suitable project is completed around the abrasive. This article describes the various abrasive has its

advantages and disadvantages, and is currently on the market there are more good performance abrasives. To win in the competition, cost-effectively complete the

project

Must be familiar with each of the abrasive. Select the appropriate abrasive, costs and productivity are important, but environmental considerations are also essential.

Monocrystalline diamond tool machining

A single crystal diamond tool of election materials and Orientation
Produce single crystal diamond cutting tools Step 1 job is the choice of materials, depending on the processing conditions, methods, materials can not only choose the right

tool to ensure the quality of raw materials and avoid wasting diamond increases processing costs. General tool with diamond material

Requirements crystal integrity, no cracks, crystal surface should be as flat as possible, the minimum diameter should generally be not less than 4 mm, a weight of 0. 7

~ 3 ct.
As the tool requirements, or diamond shape of the decision, and sometimes you need to split the original stone diamond. Complete cleavage with parallel diamond,

diamond carbon atom between carbon atoms is larger covalent forces combined. However, the structure of the diamond

Certain direction, as applied in a direction parallel to the octahedron face a certain force, the diamond is easily broken, mainly because of the diamond crystal bond

connected to this surface is relatively small. So choose the cleavage planes of diamond segmentation of the original stone, split method shown in Figure 1.

On the need to split out a diamond called the kerf slot or nicks. The trick is to split the slit and know where you want to cut much deeper. To grind a slit-quality

single crystal diamond tool, you must master the technique of single crystal diamond crystal orientation. This is mainly

Is due to the anisotropy of single crystal diamond determined by the characteristics of diamond each side
Hardness up varies greatly. To select the appropriate crystal planes and crystal orientation as the tool rake face, flank, namely the Diamond blade to achieve the best wear

resistance and processing properties. Diamond crystal interface in each direction on good ground, the lowest rate of crystal surface grinding, crystal surface,

followed by plane

Grinding rate is highest. Since crystal surface hardness is too high, grinding difficult and microscopic intensity is not high, easy cleavage, it is difficult grind

sharp edges. Good ground plane in the direction of crystal surface grinding rates than high nearly doubled, but different crystal faces of diamond breakage chance to

apply various types

Number of motor integrated protection. For different motors can simply adjust the threshold accordingly.

Method diamond tool orientation

Currently, there are three main ways crystal orientation: artificial visual crystal orientation, X-ray laser crystal orientation and crystal orientation.
Artificial visual crystal orientation
The method is based on the natural crystal external geometry, surface growth, corrosion characteristics of each crystal face relationship between the geometry, by

virtue of the operator-term work experience, by observation and experiment made rough crystal orientation. The method is simple, easy, do not need to borrow

Aid equipment, but the directional accuracy of the results is poor, the operator experience requirements, and for processed and lost natural crystal crystal

characteristics of the cutting tools can no longer carry out artificial visual orientation.
Laser crystal orientation
Laser crystal orientation is preferably coherent laser beam to the surface of the Diamond blade crystal in different directions present on the surface of the crystal growth

process in the formation of crystal planes of regular shape and microscopic pit pattern formed on the screen is reflected to the characteristics diffracted light

image. But the real

On occasion due to outside interference factors, the natural formation of rules and microscopic crystal faces crystal grain pits are often not obvious or impossible to

observe. Therefore, in this crystal orientation prior to artificial erosion through proper to form characteristic morphology.
X-ray crystal orientation
Since the X-ray wavelength of the lattice constant, when the X-ray crystal or through the surface is reflected back from the crystal, the diffraction occurs. This

principle has been developed using a dedicated X-ray crystal orientation instrument. This method of high accuracy crystal orientation, but due to X-rays

Human body has certain hazards, the need to focus on when in use to protect workers.
Crystal diamond tool to select
Diamond anisotropy, so not only the crystal surface hardness, wear resistance difference is the same crystal plane of the wear is different in different directions. If

the inappropriate choice of crystal orientation, even choosing the right crystal surface, grinding efficiency will be greatly reduced. The same time as anti-diamond

crystals

Compressive strength than the tensile strength is 5 to 7 times, so the grinding process to select the grindability of the crystal plane orientation, while cutting edge

facing the grinding wheel speed to the positive direction (i.e., taking the inverse mill) to ensure grinding efficiency and reduce the extent of cutting edge micro-

cleavage.
Diamond grinding tool breakage
Diamond tool wear mechanism is more complex, can be divided into macro-and micro-abrasion wear, the former mainly mechanical wear, which is dominated by thermal

chemical wear. Diamond grinding tool breakage common form for the former flank wear, flank wear and edge chipping. In the single-crystal

Diamond tool sharpening process, requires the wear to the grinding tool to meet the requirements, but if it produces unwanted wear sharpening may damage the already

good before the flank. The edge crack (ie chipping) is on the edge of the local stress exceeds the diamond tool

Occurs when the capacity is generally a diamond crystal (111) cleavage plane of the micro-damage caused. In the ultra-precision machining, diamond tool edge radius of

the cutting edge is relatively small, which itself is hard and brittle materials, and because of its anisotropy and (111)

Surface prone to cleavage, with vibration and grit grinding wheel cutting edge of the tool impact effect, it is often accompanied produce chipping.

Single-crystal diamond tool plane selection

Diamond crystals are cubic plane, since each crystal form and surface atomic arrangement atom density difference and the distance between the different planes,

resulting in a natural diamond crystal anisotropy, so the performance of the diamond crystal surface only of the physical and mechanical different performance

, Ease of manufacture and service life which are not the same, the microstructure of the crystal surface damage strength are also significant differences. Microscopic

diamond crystals Hertz strength test method used to determine, since the diamond is a typical brittle material, the strength values ​​are generally larger deviation, the

main

Depends on the shape and distribution of the stress distribution range, so suitable for use probability theory to analyze. When the effect of stress is the same, (110)

crystal plane maximum probability of damage, (111), followed by (100) crystal plane of the minimum probability of breakage. Ie external force, (110)

The most easily damaged planes, (111) crystal face, followed by (100) the most difficult to break. Although the (110) crystal plane grinding is higher than the (100)

crystal plane, but the experimental results show that the (100) crystal face and the other plane has a higher resistance to stress, corrosion, and thermal degradation

capability. Integrated micro combined strength

Considered together with the (100) plane to do before and after the cutting tools flank, easy sharpening tool edge high-quality, easy to produce micro-chipping.
Normally be carried out according to requirements of the tool planes of the single crystal diamond tool selection. In general, if the request to obtain the highest

strength diamond tool, should be used (100) surface as the tool before the flank; if required resistance to mechanical wear diamond tool, then select

With the (110) crystal face as the tool before the flank; if required chemical wear resistant diamond cutting tool,Diamond blade it is desirable use of (110) crystal plane as the

tool rake face, (100) crystal face as the flank, or the front , are used flank (100) crystal plane. These requirements need the help of crystal

Body orientation technology to achieve.

Single crystal diamond tool

In the ultra-precision machining, to ensure the quality of the machined surface of the main factors in addition to high-precision machinecutting tools , ultra stable

processing environment, the quality of the tool is also an important aspect. Natural diamond with high hardness, good wear resistance, high strength, good thermal

conductivity, and

Non-ferrous low coefficient of friction and excellent anti-adhesion, good corrosion resistance and chemical stability, can grind extremely sharp blade is considered to

be the best ultra-precision cutting tool material, especially in the field of mechanical processing ultra-precision processing sector has an important

Status and are widely used.
The physical properties of single crystal diamond
Carbon atoms, a single diamond crystal, the crystal structure belongs to a face-centered cubic equiaxed crystal (an atomic crystal highest density). Carbon atoms in

the diamond bond of connection between sp3 hybridized covalent bond, it has a strong binding force, and directional stability.

It is the hardest known natural material, the hardness of up 10000HV, other physical properties see below.
Superiority
Because the physical properties of single crystal diamond itself, cutting knife is not easy to stick and BUE, good surface quality, processing non-ferrous metals, the

surface roughness up Rz0.1 ~ 0.05μm. Diamond also effective processing of non-ferrous metal materials and non-metallic materials,

Such as copper, aluminum and other nonferrous metals and alloys, ceramics, non-sintered carbide, a variety of fiber and particulate reinforced composite materials,

plastics, rubber, graphite, glass and various wear-resistant timber (especially solid wood and plywood, MDF and other composite materials).
Natural characteristics of single crystal diamond tool sharpening
Ultra-precision machining, single crystal diamond tool two basic contour accuracy and precision is the cutting edge of the Diamond blade edge radius. Aspheric lens processing

requirements of the arc tool edge with a roundness of 0.05μm or less, the processing of the polygon mirror with a 0.02μm edge straightness

; Blunt tool edge radius (ρ value) indicates the degree sharp edge of the tool, in order to meet a variety of processing requirements, the blade edge radius ranging

from 20nm ~ 1μm.

Single crystal synthetic diamond

synthetic diamond single crystal diamond tool with high hardness, high strength, good wear resistance, good thermal conductivity, chemical stability and good features, high-

quality knives can be sharpened blade is ultra-precision cutting tool materials.
Synthetic single polycrystalline diamond tool is mainly used for high-precision micro-abrasive mirror finish, such as DVD and digital camera lens detector with a plastic lens

grinding mirror finish.

Manufacture of monocrystalline and polycrystalline diamond tools

With monocrystalline and polycrystalline synthetic diamond manufacturing tools, most must rely on metal, ceramic or resin as adhesive carrier, therefore, diamond tool

life and efficiency except with the choice of diamond and bond related, but also depends on the diamond and binding agents

Bonding strength, but between the diamond and the carrier exists on the physical and chemical properties of a huge difference, so that the combination extremely

difficult. To this end, at home and abroad have developed a variety of diamond surface metallization technology, and strive to improve the diamond between the solder

and the metal carcass

Wettability and adhesion strength then to extend the life of the diamond tool.
Chemical gas and liquid processing technology (CVLT), available on the diamond crystal, powder, polycrystalline surface alloying treatment, is currently a new,

advanced diamond metal surface treatment technology.
1 Technical Features
The technology for all types of diamond surface alloying treatment of the various components, the main technical features:
1 Diamond Type: all kinds of diamond single crystal, polycrystalline, powder and CVD diamond films;
(2) surface alloying material: W, Cr, Ti, Ni, Co, Cu, etc., and good connectivity with the resin compound;
3 surface alloy film thickness: according to need up to 0.3 ~ 40μm;
4 a combination of the diamond surface film forms: covalent and metallurgical bonding.
(2) Applications
The technology applications include the following aspects:
1 polycrystalline diamond surface alloying
CVLT technology used in production of polycrystalline diamond surface alloy layer 15 ~ 40μm film, the sintered polycrystalline diamond or can be firmly welded to the

metal carcass. We have successfully used this technique on oil drill and mining tools, metal effect has reached America

State companies like GE metal film polycrystalline diamond level.
(2) single-crystal diamond surface alloying
CVLT technique using the single crystal diamond layer produced on the surface of the alloy film of 1 ~ 5μm, can greatly improve the single-crystal diamond sintered

compact, diamond grinding wheel tool life.
3 diamond powder surface alloying
CVLT technology for diamond powder has two main purposes, one in the diamond powder surface recombination layer of about 0.5μm (Ni, W, Cr) alloy film, this powder can

be used to produce diamond grinding wheel (metal bond and resin bond ) and diamond polishing belt, polishing

Disk, etc., in order to improve the adhesive properties of diamond and matrix. Second, the surface of the diamond powder composite layer (W, Co, Ti) alloy film, a

polycrystalline diamond produced using this powder, polycrystalline diamond can improve strength and high temperature stability.
4 activation organic single crystal diamond surfaces
CVLT technology using the single crystal diamond layer grown on the surface of the resin having an affinity group and a compound resin can improve the life of the

diamond grinding wheel.
5.CVLT technology can also be used in a variety of tool and die, metal parts surface hardening, lubrication, anti-corrosion, anti-oxidation treatment.